Citation Styles: APA, MLA, IEEE
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How to use this guide
This Library Research Guide was designed to assist you in citing your
sources when writing an academic paper.
Different citation styles and formats help you to cite your reference
work for your academic writings like research papers, dissertations, and so on.
IEEE Style for Citations:
Examples of citations for different materials:
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Material Type
|
Works Cited
|
|
Book in print
|
D. Sarunyagate,
Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
|
|
Chapter in book
|
G. O. Young,
"Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in Plastics,
2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.
|
|
eBook
|
L. Bass, P.
Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd
ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.
|
|
Journal article
|
G. Liu, K. Y.
Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn networks and shufflenets
for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp.
695-701, June 1997.
|
|
eJournal (from
database)
|
H. Ayasso and A.
Mohammad-Djafari, "Joint NDT Image Restoration and
Segmentation Using Gauss–Markov–Potts Prior Models and Variational Bayesian
Computation," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol.
19, no. 9, pp. 2265-77, 2010. [Online]. Available: IEEE Xplore,
http://www.ieee.org. [Accessed Sept. 10, 2010].
|
|
eJournal (from
internet)
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A. Altun,
“Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language
learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July,
2005. [Online serial]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/.
[Accessed Dec. 2, 2007].
|
|
Conference paper
|
L. Liu and H.
Miao, "A specification based approach to testing polymorphic
attributes," in Formal Methods and Software Engineering:
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Engineering
Methods, ICFEM 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, November 8-12, 2004, J. Davies, W.
Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.
|
|
Conference
proceedings
|
T. J. van Weert
and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the Digital Society: Social,
ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on
Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26,
2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.
|
|
Newspaper article
(from database)
|
J. Riley,
"Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian,
p. 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com.
[Accessed May 31, 2005].
|
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Technical report
|
K. E. Elliott and
C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol," Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep. 916-1010-BB, 1997.
|
|
Patent
|
J. P. Wilkinson,
“Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, Jul. 16, 1990.
|
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Standard
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IEEE Criteria for
Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
|
|
Thesis/Dissertation
|
J. O. Williams,
“Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ.,
Cambridge, MA, 1993.
|
Courtesy: https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/ieee
APA 7th Citation Examples
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Material Type
|
In-text Citation
|
Bibliography
|
|
A book
|
(Sapolsky,
2017)
|
Sapolsky,
R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst.
Penguin Books.
|
|
Chapter in
an edited book
(If the
chapter is from an authored book, use the book citation)
|
(Dillard, 2020)
|
Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of
persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media
effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129).
Routledge.
|
|
An article
in a print journal
|
(Weinstein,
2009)
|
Weinstein,
J. (2009). “The market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology, 104(4),
439-458.
|
|
An article
in an electronic journal
|
(Grady
et al., 2019)
|
Grady, J.
S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in
storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial
groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3),
207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
|
|
A website
|
(Bologna,
2019)
|
Bologna,
C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching
horror movies.
HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
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Courtesy: https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/apa7
Examples of MLA Style
In-text Citation
|
Material Type
|
In-text Citation
|
|
Author's
name in text
|
Magny
develops this argument (67-69).
|
|
Author's
name in reference
|
This
argument has been developed elsewhere (Magny 67-69).
|
|
Two
authors' names in reference
|
The most
notorious foreign lobby in Washington is the "Sugar Mafia" (Howe
and Trott 134).
|
|
Quotation
found in indirect or "secondhand" source
|
The
philosopher Alain states that "admiration is not pleasure but a kind of
attention. . ." (qtd. in Magny 66).
|
|
Material Type
|
Works Cited
|
|
Book in print
|
Card,
Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil. Oxford UP,
2005.
|
|
eBook
|
Gaither,
Milton. Homeschool: An American History. Palgrave Macmillan,
2017. SpringerLink, doi-org.pitt.idm.oclc.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95056-0.
|
|
An article in a
print journal
|
Doggart, Julia.
"Minding the Gap: Realizing Our Ideal Community Writing Assistance
Program." The Community Literacy Journal, vol. 2, no.
1, 2007, pp. 71-80.
|
|
An article in an
electronic journal
|
Sherrard-Johnson,
Cherene. "'A Plea for Color': Nella Larsen's Iconography of the
Mulatta." American Literature, vol. 76, no. 4, 2004, pp.
833-869, doi:10.1215/00029831-76-4-833.
|
|
A encyclopedia
entry
|
“Patanjali.” Benét’s
Reader’s Encyclopedia, edited by Bruce Murphy, 4th ed., HarperCollins
Publishers, 1996, p. 782.
|
|
A government
publication
|
United
States, Federal Maritime Commission. Hawaiian Trade Study: An
Economic Analysis. Government Printing Office, 1978.
|
|
An interview you
conducted
|
Brandt, Deborah.
Personal interview. 28 May 2008.
(Note: List the interview under the name of the interviewee)
|
|
A film/DVD
|
Note: This depends on the focus of
your work. Please see the MLA Style blog for a
detailed explanation.
|
|
A Page on
a Website with no author
|
"Stunning
Lakeside View on Lake Erie." VisitPA, Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, 7 June 2018, www.visitpa.com/article/stunning-lakeside-views-lake-erie.
|
|
A Page on
a Website with an author
|
Del Castillo,
Inigo. "How Not to Kill Your Houseplants, According to
Botanists." Apartment Therapy, 29 Jan. 2020, www.apartmenttherapy.com/houseplant-tips-botanists-36710191.
|
|
Artwork - from
website
|
Sherald, Amy. Former
First Lady, Michelle Obama. 2018. National Portrait Gallery,
npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2018.15.
|
|
Citing
AI and ChatGPT
|
“Describe
the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F.
Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023,
chat.openai.com/chat.
|
|
Citing
Creative Visual Works
|
Fig. 1.
“Pointillist painting of a sheep in a sunny field of blue flowers”
prompt, DALL-E, version 2, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, labs.openai.com/.
|
|
Quoting
Creative Textual Works
|
The
Sunflower” villanelle about a sunflower. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version,
OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.
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Courtesy: https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/overview
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